Labour needs a preventative health strategy to transform public health
By Tina Woods
Business for Health Founder and CEO, Tina Woods, discusses the crucial role that business can play in improving the nation’s health, and calls on the Labour government to adopt a shift towards evidence-based prevention.
As the new Labour Government enters its early stages in power, it is increasingly clear that the party has inherited a sick workforce, rising levels of economic inactivity and unsustainable pressure on the NHS.
Tackling our current broken health system requires a long-term, multifaceted approach that shifts the UK’s societal attitude from reliance on the NHS to a culture of prevention. Going forward, creating a comprehensive preventative health strategy should be Labour’s focus.
Laying the foundations for a ‘prevention first’ revolution
Labour’s Health Mission in their manifesto states the aim to “deliver a ‘prevention first’ revolution”, and with the right partners and a clear strategy, this vision can become a reality.
While the ambition to halve heart attacks and strokes, create a smoke-free generation, and reduce health inequality are commendable, translating these goals into tangible policy and action will be crucial.
A preventative health strategy must go beyond individual behaviour change and address the wider determinants of health. This includes creating healthy environments, reforming the food system, and ensuring good work and housing for all. Crucially, it requires coordinated action across government departments, and wider businesses.
Easing pressures on hospitals
The UK’s poor public health is placing immense pressure on the NHS, resulting in many hospitals having far too many patients, with far too long waiting lists.
Despite over 95 per cent of the NHS budget being spent on treatment, with little ring-fenced for prevention, preventable conditions like obesity, heart disease, and lung cancer account for a significant proportion of hospital admissions and healthcare costs.
The government should set a target to allocate a specific percentage of the total health budget to evidence-based prevention programmes within 5 years, rising by 2030. Moving more pathways of care into community health will alleviate pressure on hospitals and create a more sustainable healthcare system. To support in setting and managing these targets, Business for Health has partnered with the Office for National Statistics (ONS) to deliver an enhanced ONS Health Index which will be vital in tracking against the Government’s health and wellbeing plans.
Business is essential in prevention
Alongside the NHS, businesses also have a crucial role to play in this agenda, and the Labour government must work to cultivate meaningful partnerships with the private sector.
By creating incentives and frameworks for improving health, small and medium-sized enterprises can be encouraged to do more; exploring legislation, such as making workplace health reporting mandatory for larger companies, is another driver. To support businesses in creating these strategies, the next iteration of the ONS Health Index will include additional data and tools which businesses will be able to use to understand the health of their workforce and customers better.
Looking ahead, business leaders and employees alike will be eager to see legislation and clear targets from the Labour government, accompanied by investment to support a prevention economy. Businesses are essential partners in creating healthy workplaces, promoting active lifestyles, and tackling issues like obesity and mental ill-health.
A prescription for the future
Ultimately, Labour’s health agenda must move beyond short-term fixes and invest in long-term system change. This will require bold political leadership, a willingness to tackle vested interests, and a collaborative, cross-party approach bringing together government, business, communities and individuals. Only then can we build a healthier, more prosperous future for the nation.
ONS and Business for Health partner to enhance the ONS Health Index
By Integrated Care Journal
The Index will capture a wide range of health inputs, including wider societal and economic determinants, to fill the evidence gap on the interplay between health, business and work and encourage businesses to take responsibility for their impacts on health.
Business for Health and the Office for National Statistics (ONS) have announced a collaboration to develop the next iteration of the ONS Health Index – a tool to support businesses, local authorities, integrated care boards, and government on decisions to ‘invest for health and economic growth’ and inform the Treasury on the economic case for prevention.
The ONS Health Index, last published in summer 2023, measures health in its broadest terms and seeks to understand how it is changing over time. It tracks health in clinical terms (i.e. the prevalence of certain conditions), but also looks at the wider social, economic and environmental drivers of health, together with personal circumstances.
Building on these measures, the enhanced ONS Health Index will include additional data and tools relevant to businesses and their practices. These could range from capturing direct health impacts on employees and customers, to environmental impacts of a company’s products. This will increase the understanding of the interplay between health and business and work life and fill an important evidence gap. For example, it could be used at a local level to help measure corporate progress against key health and wellbeing aims.
More broadly, the additional business themed metrics will inform strategies around the link between health and wellbeing and workforce productivity, and the role of health within the Environmental Social and Governance discussion.
Business for Health, a business-led social venture, in collaboration with Lane Clark & Peacock (LCP), have identified demand from businesses and organisations for the continuation and enhancement of this tool to define their role in the economy and wider society.
They will engage with businesses to develop the next iteration of the Index that provides high-value data on the health and well-being of the nation, including the workforce. One of the key goals will be to encourage businesses to understand and take responsibility for their impacts on health. To this end, the next iteration of the ONS Health Index will seek to bring businesses into its core audiences and provide health-relevant data to the public that measures the impact of businesses on population health.
These additional data will aim to highlight key determinants influencing employee health, and in doing so, inform business decision-making and support organisational and corporate culture with health at its core.
With the UK’s general population currently facing significant health challenges, leading to long term economic inactivity and pressures on the health system, the enhancement of the ONS Health Index will enable focus on facilitating system change to improve health and wealth outcomes. This is vital for enhancing the health and economic resilience of the nation.
Tina Woods, CEO and Founder of Business for Health, said: “There is a clear need from businesses to receive better data on the role of health within wider workforce planning. The link between corporate culture and individuals’ physical and mental wellbeing is irrefutable and our role on the new ONS Health Index will act as a crucial tool in understanding how businesses can improve, report and measure their impact on health linked to economic growth.”
Lord Bethell, Former Health and Innovation Minister and Chair of Business for Health, said: “We are delighted to be working with the ONS and LCP to develop the next iteration of the ONS Health Index, which will differentiate itself by allowing companies to understand and define their social purpose alongside measuring their economic contribution.”
Jonathan Pearson Stuttard, Head of Health Analytics at LCP, said: “There is a need for employers, businesses and industry partners to work collaboratively with the government to ensure that long-term health challenges are tackled with the urgency that is required.”
Dr James Tucker, Deputy Director of Health, International and Partnerships, Office for National Statistics, said: “The importance of high-quality data to inform strategies and reporting on the health of our workforce is crucial. Working with businesses as core users of the next ONS Health Index will be key in accessing granular data from businesses to feed into the index and provide relevant health data.
Harnessing innovation to deliver medicines optimisation at scale
By Meera Parkash
In this case study, Meera Parkash, Clinical Facilitator, Population Health Management at Optum UK, discusses how medicines optimisation can help free up pharmacy capacity and deliver key improvements to population health management.
At a time when the health system is urgently seeking new ways to cut costs, improve outcomes and reduce health inequalities, there are three areas where medicines optimisation can make an important contribution.
The first is non-adherence to medicines. It is estimated that half of all patients are non-adherent to their prescribed medication, costing the NHS £500m every year. The second concerns over-ordering and over-prescribing. About £300m worth of medicines go unused each year, and around half of this cost is believed to be recoverable. The third and final relates to adverse drug events (ADEs) in primary care, leading to hospital admissions. An estimated 72 per cent of ADEs are avoidable, costing the NHS £100m every year.
Traditionally, clinicians have had to manually search for patients who may need changes to their medication approach. This is extremely time-consuming and may not always be accurate if the data being used is out of date.
Population360® changes this. By integrating fully with clinical systems, it automatically finds and presents opportunities to improve medication safety, non-adherence and cost-effectiveness all in one place – transforming the speed, accuracy and scale of these processes.
Other prescribing decision support tools focus mainly on acute prescriptions and can only process them one patient at a time, whereas Population360 can proactively manage an entire patient population for an ICS at once. It does this by providing safety and adherence alerts for high-risk cases while surfacing lists of patients who may benefit from medication changes.
In light of resourcing pressures on pharmacy teams – which limit the number of structured medication reviews, programme switches, or high-risk drugs monitoring they can undertake using traditional methods – Population360 frees up capacity and helps them cover more ground. This demonstrates that it can be an important enabler for delivering medicines optimisation strategies at scale.
Evidence of success
Working with a GP practice covering 10,000 patients, Population360 flagged opportunities to save £82,376 through simple medication switches and recommended 1,171 patients for an adherence or safety intervention over a three-month period.
Based on these, a single pharmacy technician successfully reviewed 16 patients in less than 30 minutes, actively booking tests for 14 patients and initiating a patient consultation and de-prescribe for another.
Another pharmacist reviewed all female patients prescribed sodium valproate based on a targeted clinical rule. The pharmacist contacted patients, reminding them to follow up with their consultant to ensure Annual Risk Acknowledgement Forms were up to date (most of which were not) and contraception was in place.
Both examples demonstrate clinicians working proactively, supporting structured medication reviews, and closing important gaps in care.
The lead pharmacist at the GP surgery said: “It (Population360) gives us these patients very, very quickly and we can review them and take appropriate action – some of these patients are hard to reach people which is also an advantage.”
To see how Optum advances medicines optimisation (MO) and to learn more about proactive prescribing at scale, please click here.
Vic Townshend: ‘Whole person’ understanding is reliant on intelligence-informed decisions
By Ameneh Saatchi
Vic Townshend, Programme Director for Population Health Management (PHM) at Lincolnshire ICS, speaks with Public Policy Projects’ Ameneh Saatchi.
Building capacity and capability for population health management (PHM) is perhaps one of the single most significant enablers of truly integrated care and ambitions for England’s 42 integrated care systems (ICSs). But while every ICS will place significant priority on establishing comprehensive PHM, immediate service pressures and restricted resources have led to mixed results across the country.
In Lincolnshire, the ICS has established the Lincolnshire ICS Population Health Management Programme, which uses a ground-breaking person-level linked dataset, recognised as one of the most extensive in the country. The Lincolnshire Joined Intelligence Dataset covers 100 per cent of the local GP registered population. It encompasses a range of data sources, including primary and secondary care, adult social care, elective waiting lists, deprivation indices, social vulnerability and isolation measures from the Office for National Statistics, Census data, and community asset registers.
This initiative originated with the NHS England sponsored Population Health Management development programme, which allowed for the system to test what PHM offered and supported the first linked dataset to be created for a proportion of the county’s population. Other systems do have linked datasets, but there are none currently known that have the same extent of sources and population coverage.
“I worked closely with the Director of Intelligence and Analytics [Katy Hardwick],” says Vic, explaining that the team entered a partnership with Optum UK, to build the first ever linked data set in 2019, which initially covered about 30 per cent of the population. “This gave us data joined at the personal level, allowing us to see a person’s journey through health and ill-health and how they interacted with services across Lincolnshire to support their needs.”
The data science tool employed by Lincolnshire ICS focuses primarily on measuring health and care utilisation across different contexts, emphasising unit of activity and associated indicative costs. Traditional metrics, such as length of stay are incorporated, offering a comprehensive view of resource utilisation. Moreover, the tool’s versatility allows for customised presentations of intelligence, enabling users to tailor insights to their specific needs. Insights into health inequalities are facilitated by comparing cohorts of individuals, shedding light on variation in outcomes and contributing to high quality decision-making.
In addition to traditional metrics and the sources listed above, the Lincolnshire dataset also encompasses prescribing and medicines utilisation data, facilitating a holistic, system-wide understanding of health and care activities, service utilisation and outcomes. The dataset captures activity from all community, acute and mental health services, drawing from data recorded in trusts’ National Minimum Data Sets. This ensures seamless integration of data, irrespective of where individuals receive treatment – even if that treatment is outside of Lincolnshire ICS.
In healthcare, intelligence-informed decision-making stands as a crucial factor in navigating complex systems effectively. Vic emphasises the importance of this approach, highlighting how linked data allows for a comprehensive understanding of the impact of interventions across healthcare settings.
“The linked data set allows us to identify where opportunities are for intervention and change [and] where we’re doing well,” Vic explains. “What it doesn’t tell us is what we should do with it, but it starts to prompt leaders to ask the right questions… there’s nobody in our system that just has diabetes, which brings into question why we are providing services for diabetics in silo when they have more than one long-term condition and are subject to many other wider determinants of health, such as deprivation.”
This enhanced visibility helps stakeholders to identify both direct and indirect benefits and drawbacks of interventions, leading to better-informed decisions.
“The linked data set allows intelligence-informed decision-making, [meaning] we can now see the impact of our actions across our organisational borders and identify indirect benefits and disbenefits. So, we can track how changes in general practice are improving outcomes across other services, or vice versa.”
The inclusion of indicative costing within the linked data set also provides insights into resource allocation and workforce interactions. This allows for a more subtle understanding of how resources are utilised within the healthcare system, facilitating efficient resource management and optimisation.
Evaluation plays a pivotal role in assessing the effectiveness of interventions and changes in healthcare delivery. Vic underscores the necessity of robust evaluation, encompassing both qualitative and quantitative measures. However, Vic also acknowledges the challenge of maintaining the usability of the linked dataset while incorporating qualitative elements, emphasising the need for flexibility in its development and usage.
“Intelligence-informed decision-making becomes your North Star; you’re all following the same intelligence that steers in the same direction, wherever you work within the system. It has allowed us to robustly evaluate qualitative and quantitative outcomes, so it’s not just about what we can measure in the dataset, but working with personalisation, understanding what outcomes are important to people.”
Overall, the linked data set serves as a valuable tool for identifying opportunities for intervention and making informed decisions that lead to improved outcomes for patient and wider health system.
Vic’s journey into PHM stems from a diverse background, transitioning from the RAF as a meteorology officer, to a decade in general management in healthcare, to change management in complex systems. A keen interest in data analysis has been the nexus between various positions throughout her career.
More recently, Vic has begun addressing performance improvement challenges in healthcare, focusing on the interconnectedness of prescribing practices and care pathways. As Director of the Population Health Management programme in Lincolnshire ICS, she emphasises the need for comprehensive, intelligence-informed decision-making in healthcare leadership, seeing it as pivotal for driving systemic change and improving outcomes. For Vic, PHM represents a transformative tool with the potential to fundamentally change healthcare systems and improve outcomes for all.
The inequality challenge
Intelligence Leads and Chief Analysts working within ICSs will have increasingly important roles in navigating the complexities of health inequalities. Such roles require skill sets that can play a crucial role in generating intelligence to inform various inquiries regarding clinical care outcomes, health and wellbeing, and wider determinants of health. By fostering relationships with them, healthcare professionals can gain access to previously untapped data sets or intelligence that can address longstanding questions or concerns.
While population health itself is not a new concept, the current level of focus being placed on PHM requires significant new infrastructure support, the need for which may not yet be universally recognised within individual health systems. Therefore, she advises initiating discussions with intelligence teams to explore existing available data and infrastructure.
Vic stresses the importance of incorporating intelligence specialists or analysts into discussions alongside clinicians and decision-makers. This tripartite arrangement ensures that data-driven insights inform decision-making processes effectively, leading to more informed and impactful strategy.
Wound care from the lens of population health management
Vic underscores several key priorities essential for improving Wound Care outcomes:
Consistent documentation on electronic systems
Vic emphasises the importance of developing consistent documentation of wound care activities on electronic systems across frontline services and at strategic level. This consistency ensures accurate data collection that is crucial, not only for clinical records, but also for evidence-based decision-making and outcome evaluation. This is something Lincolnshire ICS will be working to develop further, as Vic identifies a challenge in ensuring consistency across local teams to capture all necessary data for wound care. Addressing this challenge is fundamental for systems to improve efficiency and workforce challenges in the community but may require additional resources and strategies to improve documentation practices.
Personalised care approach
Vic discusses the need to personalise wound care, highlighting that different individuals may require different approaches based on their specific needs and preferences for self-care. This personalised approach ensures that care is tailored to everyone’s circumstances, improving overall outcomes.
Training and applying best practices
Ensuring that clinical teams involved in wound care across various organisations are trained in, and consistently utilise, best practices. This helps standardise care delivery with the aim of adhering to established standards and protocols and improves overall quality of care.
Evaluation and continuous improvement
Establishing mechanisms for evaluating the effectiveness of changes made in wound care practices and processes. This iterative approach to improvement allows for ongoing refinement and optimisation of care delivery. This involves identifying what works, what doesn’t, and adjusting accordingly to continuously improve care delivery.
Communication and engagement
Vic underscores the necessity of effective communication and engagement strategies to drive change and improve outcomes for individuals. Engaging the workforce and the population is essential for raising awareness about available treatments and promoting better understanding of wound care options.
Extending pharmacy services – the pros and cons
Vic acknowledges the potential of community pharmacists in wound care as they are in the heart of communities, close to the patients, and can have a further role in early intervention. But she raises concerns about the sustainability and consistency of extending their roles. Vic highlights challenges such as increased workload, inconsistent sign-up to extended services, and competing priorities within the pharmacy profession.
Vic also provides recommendations to apply population health management techniques to diabetes care for comprehensive support
Vic asserts the need to shift away from treating diabetes as a standalone condition and to instead adopt a holistic approach that addresses individuals’ overall health needs. She advocates for integrated care models that offer comprehensive support, ensuring that individuals receive assistance beyond diabetes management alone. This approach aims to improve overall health outcomes and reduce the likelihood of complications associated with diabetes, such as leg ulcers and amputations.
Empowering prevention strategies
Furthermore, Vic highlights the importance of prevention strategies in combating diabetes. She stresses the need for a cohesive and proactive focus on prevention, encompassing primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention efforts. By investing in preventive measures and proactive interventions, such as health and wellbeing initiatives and collaborations with voluntary sectors, individuals can be empowered to manage their diabetes effectively and avoid frequent visits to healthcare providers.
Personalised care: addressing individual needs
Lastly, Vic underscores the significance of a personalised approach to diabetes care. She advocates for a strengths-based conversation that empowers individuals to take charge of their health while ensuring that healthcare systems meet their personal needs. By tailoring care plans to individual circumstances and preferences, healthcare providers can address inequalities and deliver more effective and meaningful support. This collaborative approach involves engaging individuals in decision-making processes and considering factors such as housing, employment, and social support to create sustainable and equitable healthcare services. Figure 1 below demonstrates how population health analytics tools can improve outcomes and efficiency.
Figure 1: Population Health Management Tools, the bridge between the person and the system strategy (click to englarge)
Conclusion
Vic emphasises the critical need for consistent documentation of wound care activities across all levels of healthcare delivery. This ensures accurate data collection, essential for evidence-based decision-making and evaluating outcomes. Additionally, she underscores the importance of a personalised care approach, recognising that individual needs may vary significantly. Training in best practices, continuous evaluation, and effective communication and engagement strategies are identified as key priorities to drive improvements in wound care delivery.
However, a significant challenge arises from the inconsistent capture of data by community nurses. This gap in documentation poses a barrier to comprehensive data analysis and evidence-based decision-making. Addressing this challenge will require focused efforts to improve documentation practices and ensure that all relevant data are captured accurately. By prioritising efforts to enhance data collection consistency, healthcare providers can strengthen the foundation for effective wound care delivery and evaluation.
What’s next?
Diabetes and wound care are the second and third highest expense to the health system respectively, and impact millions of people in the United Kingdom. Public Policy Projects is launching the second part of its Diabetes Care programme in the autumn of 2024 called ‘Holistic approaches to diabetes care – treating the whole patient’. Vic Townshend will be presenting on 2nd December, in London at the PPP Wound Care conference.
Contact Ameneh Saatchi, Director of Market Access for Diabetes and Wound Care, should you wish to learn more about these programmes: ameneh.saatchi@publicpolicyprojects.com
Prioritise nutrition and hydration to boost broader health outcomes, says new report
By Integrated Care Journal
New report from PPP finds that efforts to implement a multidisciplinary approach to nutrition and hydration are needed to help address the dysphagia burden across the NHS.
A new report from Public Policy Projects (PPP) finds that with the UK becoming a ‘super-aged’ society, declining nutritional and hydrational status among elderly and frail populations will place increasing strain on health and care services.
The report, Prioritising nutrition, hydration and dysphagia in an integrated care context, states that while considerable work and investment has been allocated to reduce the incidence of obesity and the diet-related diabetes, malnutrition and hydration are not given the same focus, despite their significant impact on health outcomes and its role in the management of other conditions.
The report is the culmination of two roundtables held by PPP in 2023, which convened stakeholders to discuss how ICSs embed nutritional and hydrational health into integrated care strategies. The discussions focused on specific elements of the debate, including improving the management of dysphagia and care provided for frail populations in different care settings. Attendees included NHS England clinical leadership, allied health professionals (AHPs), including speech and language therapists (SLTs), social care providers, primary care representation nurses and other key health and care stakeholders.
Graphic showing levels of elderly population at ICS level in 2021. Source: Census 2021
According to the report, recent reforms to the health and care sector (most notably, the introduction of ICSs) present new opportunities to develop comprehensive approaches to nutrition and hydration, in a way that improves holistic patient care and saves valuable resource for the NHS.
However, among its recommendations, the report calls on the Department of Health and Social Care to launch a national review into food and drink provided across the care sector, to help improve the nutritional and hydrational status of frail citizens in social care. This review should follow the structure and ethos of the NHS Hospital Food programme, the report argues.
It adds that addressing dysphagia should be central to broader NHS goals of enhancing the quality of life for the elderly population, and that by prioritising the management and screening of dysphagia, the NHS could prevent avoidable hospital admissions and promote more efficient use of resources across the health and care sector.
To address the complex and multifaceted challenge of dysphagia, with various medical, neurological, and anatomical elements potentially contributing, will require systems to adopt a multidisciplinary approach, says the report. This will necessitate close collaboration between diverse teams of healthcare professionals, each with specialised expertise.
It finds that a multidisciplinary approach that includes speech and language therapists, dietitians, and physicians, is essential for managing dysphagia and addressing the complex healthcare needs of the elderly in a holistic fashion. To help enable this multidisciplinary approach, the report argues that the model of speech and language therapy sitting in community settings should be scaled nationwide, and adopted across ICSs within integrated care strategies. These strategies should also closely involve the voluntary sector.
The report also recommends an expansion of the speech and language therapy workforce, with ring-fenced funding for broader allied health professionals – in line with ambitions set out in the NHS Workforce Plan.
“The nutritional and hydrational needs of our elderly and frail citizens has been neglected for far too long. As the UK moves towards a ‘super-aged’ society, NHS organisations, care providers and integrated care systems must increasingly focus efforts on improving nutritional and hydrational health,” said report author and Group Editor at PPP, David Duffy. “It is vital that resources are orientated to support allied health professionals, particularly speech and language therapists, who play a vital role in maintaining nutritional health for elderly and frail citizens.
“Nobody in the UK should suffer from malnutrition or dehydration in this day and age, especially not our frailest and most vulnerable citizens. We hope that this report will help shine a light, not just on the scale of the problem, but also on achieveable solutions that we believe will help address the terrible burden of dysphagia.”
Recommendations:
NHS England must prioritise nutrition, hydration and dysphagia as part of its drive to improve system performance and broader health outcomes. Nutrition and hydration management are underdeveloped areas which can help enable success in key national strategies, such as the elective care backlog plan, workforce strategy, the urgent and emergency care plan and the delivery plan for recovering access to primary care.
Integrated care systems should consider dysphagia and wider nutritional and hydrational health as key parts of preventative health policies that can help future proof local health systems.
The Department of Health and Social Care (DHSC) should commission a national review into food and drink provided across the care sector. This review should follow the structure and ethos of the NHS Hospital Food programme. The review should be led by a range of stakeholders from within the NHS and social care, as well as representatives from industry and the private sector.
As the population becomes a ‘super-aged’ society, an integrated strategy is required to manage the health of the elderly and frail population. This should draw upon global and international frameworks provided by the WHO’s ICOPE framework.
ICSs should ensure that maximising the ‘intrinsic capacity’ of citizens is a key priority within integrated care strategies, to prevent deterioration of health and supplement preventative health policies.
ICSs should work to prioritise evidence-based nutritional and hydrational approaches within the social care sector, harnessing tools such as nutritional supplements where necessary, to assist those who have difficulty eating, drinking and swallowing.
The model of speech and language therapy sitting in community settings should be scaled nationwide, and adopted across ICSs within integrated care strategies. These strategies should also closely involve the voluntary sector.
NHS England should undertake a national dysphagia screening drive to identify individuals as early as possible. Social care staff and AHPs should be trained to conduct dysphagia screenings for all elderly and frail patients in their care, and much like falls, dysphagia should be considered among the primary risks in any risk assessment of elderly and frail patients.
The speech and language therapy workforce should be expanded with long-term ring-fenced funding for broader allied health professionals.
Will the disposable vape ban save the NHS from another health epidemic?
By Sienne Amer
As the government confirms its plans to ban the sale of disposable vapes, Sienne Amer examines the impact of vaping on the NHS so far, and to what extent the ban will help avert another health epidemic.
The UK government recently announced its plan to ban disposable vapes to protect children’s health and tackle the significant rise of vaping among young people. While we have not yet seen the full health impact of the younger generation using vapes, this ban may be a welcome first step in limiting the impact of what could have become the next health crisis.
The devices have appeared on the market recently and rapidly risen in popularity, which is why there is still little research available on the extent to which vaping harms our health. Introducing this ban has the potential to limit the impact vaping has on the NHS, which is already stretched responding to other health crises caused by tobacco smoking, alcohol abuse, obesity, and an ageing population.
There are 4.7 million people in Great Britain who use e-cigarettes, 31 per cent of whom are disposable vape users. Disposable vape brands are targeting children, using bright colours for packaging and a variety of interesting flavours, with the fruit flavours making them far more likely to appeal to children. A shocking 21 per cent of secondary school children have tried vaping and 57 per cent of disposable vape users are aged between 18 and 24. The most popular brand of disposable vapes, Elf Bars, were removed from supermarket shelves last year after the nicotine levels were found to be at least 50 per cent higher than the legal limit. The lack of regulation of these products is an issue, regardless of the effects of use.
Disposable vapes contain nicotine, and inflict similar impacts to any other nicotine product, including heart disease and other cardiovascular disorders, along with respiratory and gastrointestinal disorders. Children are especially susceptible to the toxicity of nicotine, which can impact brain development, leading to shorter attention spans, anxiety, depression and reduced cognitive function.
It has also been shown that when the coils in the e-cigarette are heated, toxic metals, including aluminium, chromium, iron, lead, manganese, nickel and tin leak into the e-liquid, which are then aerosolised, inhaled and absorbed by the lungs. E-liquids have been shown to contain ingredients that generate pulmonary irritants and carcinogenic carbonyl compounds, all of which can lead to respiratory, gastrointestinal, and constitutional symptoms, in addition to an increased risk of early onset strokes.
Although vaping is still recognised as a safer alternative to smoking by the NHS, there has not been sufficient investigation into the long-term impacts on health. Other countries, such as the United States, have recognised the impacts of vaping; in 2019, the US Center for Disease Control and Prevention announced an outbreak of e-cigarette/vaping product use-associated lung injury (EVALI) after it caused the deaths of several young people.
While there have not been any recorded e-cigarette related deaths reported in the UK, in 2023, the NHS recorded 420 vaping related hospital admissions, 15 of which were for children aged under 9, demonstrating the severe risk to health young children are exposed to.
When compared to just under half a million hospital admissions caused by cigarette smoking-related illnesses, the health impacts of disposable vapes appear to be minor. However, conventional cigarettes were only recognised as a significant health hazard in 1964, more than 40 years after the introduction of cigarette manufacture, showing the time it can take to fully understand the long-term effects a product can have on human health.
The NHS is already dealing with several other health epidemics, with smoking costing the NHS in England £2.6 billion per year, approximately 2 per cent of the NHS budget. Obesity costs around £6.5 billion a year and is the second biggest cause of preventable cancer. Alcohol abuse costs £3.2 billion a year in England. This is a total of £12.3 billion of the yearly NHS budget going towards preventable illnesses, and the cost of vaping would be an additional burden on NHS.
To what extent is vaping impacting the NHS?
At present, there is no record of the health-related costs associated with vaping. But modelling the cost to the NHS using smoking data could provide an estimation of the impacts vaping will have. The UK smoking population is equal to 6.4 million people, causing 474,000 hospital admissions a year at a cost of £2.6 billion. The model assumes that 7 per cent of the population requires hospital admissions, with each admission costing approximately £400.
The 420 admissions related to vape use last year would have cost the NHS approximately £168,000. However, vape-related hospital admissions only started to be recorded in 2019 and since then, there has been a 237 per cent increase in admissions. An annual growth of 10 per cent in the vaping population is also expected to cause an increase in admissions. This means that, if only 7 per cent of the vaping population is admitted, the cost to the NHS would be £132 million per year, excluding any impact of an uptake in the number of young people seeking mental health services as a result of the toxic effects of vaping.
The ban on disposable vapes is estimated to affect 2.6 million people in Great Britain – including 316,000 18-to-24-year-olds, who other than vaping, have never regularly used tobacco products – saving a large proportion of young people from the risks caused by nicotine dependence and vaping. As disposable vapes were initially introduced to the market as an alternative to cigarettes, there is a high risk that 75 per cent of people will revert to traditional tobacco products.
Since the focus of the ban is solely on disposable vapes, alternative e-cigarette products will continue to be available for people trying to quit smoking. It is crucial that information should continue to be collected and published, through platforms such as NHS Digital, to monitor and understand the health impacts of the current vaping generation, even post-ban. Hospitals should be advised to continue to use the ICD-10 code to improve data on vaping-related admissions, along with adjusting advisory information to support the disposable vape ban.
West Midlands rolls out pharmacy-based bowel cancer screening
By Integrated Care Journal
Region becomes country’s first to speed up bowel cancer screening using technology as part of Levelling Up Smart City Region programme.
The West Midlands has become the first English region to screen people for bowel cancer in their local pharmacy, at home or at other local settings, using new colon capsule endoscopy services (CCE) – also known as ‘pill cam’.
Screening people in their own community rather than in hospital will help to significantly cut waiting times and speed up lifesaving diagnosis. It is expected that 2,000 people will use the new technology across the West Midlands in its first year, with waiting times cut from 30 weeks to just two.
The rollout of ‘pill cam’ is the first time this innovative, clinically proven screening technology will be available to residents in Birmingham and Solihull. It will also significantly increase bowel cancer screening capacity in Coventry and Warwickshire and follows successful trials led by University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust and WM5G.
This is the first part of the pioneering £10 million Levelling Up Smart City Region programme led by the West Midlands Combined Authority (WMCA). It is a key part of the £1.5 billion deeper devolution deal agreed between the government and the WMCA last year.
The programme sets out to use cutting-edge wireless technology to help revolutionise the way healthcare is delivered within local communities and aligns closely with plans to increase NHS productivity set out in last week’s Budget.
The NHS Productivity Plan focuses on three key areas: transforming access and services for patients, using data to reduce time spent on unproductive administrative tasks, and updating fragmented and outdated IT systems.
Through the Smart City Region programme, the West Midlands is already leading the way in all three areas, rolling out CCE, developing an exemplar hospital that addresses issues around capacity and flow, and trialling the use of AI and data to improve primary care tasks and measure intervention outcomes for conditions such as diabetes.
WM5G, which is part of the WMCA, leading health-tech innovation, has partnered with Corporate Health International (CHI) to provide the ‘pill cam’ service and will work in close partnership with the NHS Birmingham & Solihull and Coventry & Warwickshire Integrated Care Boards to deliver the screening.
In addition to colon capsule endoscopy, the WMCA will also be expanding prevention, remote monitoring, and smart hospital services. This will help more people stay healthy and in-work, avoid being admitted to hospital or get discharged faster and be supported to live at home for longer.
Andy Street, Mayor of the West Midlands and WMCA chair, said: “The roll out of this life saving technology is a direct result of the West Midlands winning the competition in 2018 to become the UK’s 5G testbed.
“That has left a lasting legacy for the West Midlands which is now the UK’s best connected 5G region and a national leader in the real-world use of innovative 5G products and services like the ‘pill cam’.
“Bowel cancer is the second biggest cancer killer in the UK but the disease is treatable and curable if diagnosed early. The ‘pill cam’, as part of the Smart City Region programme, has the potential to provide thousands of local people with an earlier and easier diagnosis and the treatment they need to survive this disease.”
Dr Adil Butt, Consultant Gastroenterologist and Clinical Service Lead for Endoscopy at Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, said: “Adopting clinically proven and remotely available technologies, such as CCE, enables both quicker diagnosis by streamlining existing referral pathways and releases valuable extra capacity within existing systems.
“This makes the diagnostic process more convenient for all, bringing previously hospital-based specialist care closer to patients by delivering screening services in their local community. This vital extra capacity comes at a critical time when the UK is facing a significant diagnostic backlog.”
Dr Mark Andrew, Consultant Gastroenterologist and Clinical Service Lead for Endoscopy at Good Hope Hospital said: “CCE is an established diagnostic examination that helps provide access to patients whilst protecting their dignity. I am pleased to see with the support of WM5G and CHI we can hope to offer this bowel test on a larger scale, whilst also reducing our carbon footprint.”
Dr Cornelius Glismann, Managing Director at Corporate Health International, said: “This contract is clearly a game-changer for the region and we are looking forward to working in partnership with WM5G and the health care providers to rapidly roll out Colon Capsule Endoscopy across the region.
“Our Colon Capsule Endoscopy technology was developed in direct response to a team-member’s personal experience of bowel cancer screening and was therefore designed with a firm focus on reducing waiting times while improving patient experience.”
Genevieve Edwards, Chief Executive at Bowel Cancer UK, said: “Around 43,000 people are diagnosed with bowel cancer in the UK each year, but a lack of capacity to meet demand in endoscopy services means there are often long waits between referral and testing, leaving thousands of people awaiting tests that could either confirm a diagnosis or put their minds at rest.
“The use of new technologies such as Colon Capsule Endoscopy helps identify those who require urgent colonoscopies so they can be tested and begin treatment more quickly.”
ICU nurse and creator of the Right to Rehab Campaign, Kate Tantam, shares her perspective on the importance of universal access to rehabilitation in the NHS.
I am an ICU nurse who has been collecting stories of recovery and rehabilitation since 2018. The reason is simple – the wider public and even many health care teams absolutely do not see the impact of rehabilitation services. For many years rehabilitation services have been seen as the “nice to have, the icing on top of the cake”. I fiercely believe that rehabilitation is the icing in the middle of the cake, it cements everything together.
Rehabilitation is transformative. It is vital. It ensures that our patients make a full recovery and gets them back to the people and things that they love. And while myself and my multi-disciplinary colleagues are aware of this fact every single day, the NHS system is not prioritising rehab. This fails dedicated and skilled healthcare workers and our patients across the UK.
My patients’ goals may not seem big – to hold their grandson, to make a cup of tea, to go to the loo on their own, to say ‘I love you’ – but for those who can’t move their arms or legs or have lost the power of speech, this is a mountain to climb.
Universal access to quality, person-centred rehab doesn’t exist across the NHS. It means that millions of people don’t have access to NHS rehab services in their area. Many of these people can’t afford to pay for private rehab services, creating huge economic inequality when it comes to recovery. Tragically, this means people’s lives must be put on hold, their conditions deteriorate, and they don’t stand a chance to reach those important personal goals or make a full recovery. This clearly impacts long term return to work, caring responsibilities for loved ones, ability to keep hold of housing and income with reliance on external financial support.
Christian is one of these stories – a young man working full time in his own business. He came into ICU over Christmas in 2022, was in multi-organ failure, and was an alcoholic. He spent months in ICU, and nearly a year in hospital. He was so unwell he had to have multiple abdominal operations, is now diabetic and has a colostomy. He had a rocky time, but I am incredibly proud to say that he is back at work. He is fitter than he has ever been and is debating becoming a model for Colostomy UK, sharing his recovery to support others and clinical teams.
Rehabilitation is work that needs all of us to partner with patients, loved ones and each other. When healthcare professionals get it right, it makes every single person involved remember why they joined Team NHS. It doesn’t matter where they are in this team – the paramedic who brought the patient in, the GP who supported them after admission, the manager who sorted the funding for the service or the domestic assistant who cleans the ward – everyone impacts that story and shares its success.
Credit: Right to Rehab Campaign
I started this campaign for all the patients who aren’t as lucky as Christian. I see it every day across the UK and hear from clinical teams who feel lost fighting against the tide.
So, I joined forces with independent creative agency, Pablo, to create a campaign that celebrates patients’ ‘firsts’ since hospitalisation – the first tentative footsteps or first halting words – those monumental milestones for patients lucky enough to receive specialist rehabilitation care. The aim of the campaign is to raise awareness of the impact of rehabilitation and to ask for a rehabilitation strategy in every trust and a named lead.
This is a campaign that has had no budget – everything has been donated and we have all been working clinically full-time. For me, this demonstrates perfectly that the people who value rehabilitation will do anything they can to support and improve it. I work with a team of nurses, physiotherapists, speech therapists, doctors, occupational therapists, psychologists, dietitians and when we have the resources to support our patients to reach their goals and return home to their lives following traumatic accidents or life-threatening conditions, there is nothing more rewarding.
Some of my own patients’ first steps are now on billboards across the UK, including one patient who suffered a bilateral stroke on either side of her brain stem. She couldn’t sit, use her right arm or legs, she could no longer talk or even swallow and had to be fed via a tube. Her re-learned voice is now on a national radio advert promoting the campaign. The overarching message is for NHS leaders to provide much needed rehab services in all areas of the UK.
The campaign directs people to PetitionForRehab.com, where they can sign a petition calling for rehab to be made available everywhere and for a named rehab lead to be appointed on every hospital trust and board in the UK. And much like it takes a multi-disciplinary team to support a person’s recovery through rehab, the call for universal access to quality rehab comes from a multitude of individuals, teams and organisations.
My ask of you is that you talk about rehabilitation, share your local stories of rehabilitation success, listen to your patients, their loved ones and each other. The NHS is the sixth largest employer in the world – together we surely can achieve anything.
To sign the petition and call for universal access to access rehab services, please visit PetitionForRehab.com.
Despite major gains in diagnosis and treatment, England continues to experience high disparities in cancer outcomes, with social and financial deprivation major drivers.
In December 2023, The Lancet Oncology published a landmark paper highlighting the “astounding inequality” in the risk of dying from cancer in England. Researchers from Imperial College London looked at the 10 most deadly cancer types in England and analysed the risk of dying from these across England’s 314 districts from 2002 to 2019.
Although the overall risk of dying from cancer before the age of 80 had declined over that time period, their analysis shows huge inequalities in risk depending on where in the country someone lives. For women, the risk of dying from cancer was one in 10 in Westminster, while for women in Manchester the risk was one in six. Meanwhile, the picture for men ranged from one in eight in London’s Harrow to one in five in Manchester. The study found that lung cancer had one of the highest inequalities in risk across areas with those at greatest risk areas having triple the risk of dying from lung cancer compared with those in lowest risk regions.
The concept of health inequalities is now well established in the UK and beyond. The publication of the DHSC Black Report in 1980 demonstrated that, although there had been a general improvement in public health since the introduction of the welfare state, there were widespread health inequalities across the country. It found that the primary cause for these inequalities was deprivation. Over four decades later, there is now a vast body of evidence examining health inequalities and the evidence suggests that despite new treatments and technologies, overall health is deteriorating, and the inequalities are widening.
Social determinants still a major influence
Research has shown that for cancer, the social determinants of health impact both prevalence and prognosis. The Health Foundation describes the social determinants of health as the “social, cultural, political, economic, commercial and environmental factors that shape the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age”.
A 2020 report demonstrated that more than 30,000 extra cases of cancer in the UK each year can be attributed to social and financial deprivation, while survival was found to be worse among the most deprived groups. Many of the risk factors for cancer are influenced by the social determinants of health. For example, individuals residing in areas with higher levels of deprivation are 2.5 times as likely to smoke compared to those in the least deprived areas, and they find it harder to quit.
Diet inequality is also an issue that affects the most deprived in society. Research has shown that people in deprivation have poorer diets, and consumer higher levels of poor quality, ultra processed, high calorie food than those in the least deprived areas. This population also suffers from much higher rates of obesity. As a result of such social determinants of health, those that grow up and live in deprivation are more likely to get cancer, but the story doesn’t stop there.
Variations in diagnosis
There is huge variation across the UK in cancer diagnosis. There are currently three UK screening programmes: for bowel, breast and cervical cancers. In theory these screenings are open to everyone eligible, however, in reality there are various barriers to screening that disproportionately affect certain populations, and this leads to inequalities in diagnosis.
Barriers to screening are an active area of research but there are several factors that have been identified to contribute. Stigma is one factor, with research showing that cancer stigma is linked to lower screening uptake, and this tends to be more prevalent among people from ethnic minority backgrounds.
Another barrier recognised is the practicality of attending a screening. For example, other responsibilities such as work or caring may make it difficult to get to an appointment. There are ways to overcome these barriers and increasingly NHS services are implementing changes to make screening more accessible to everyone. For instance, research suggests language barriers hamper screening uptake and therefore translation services can help overcome this. Also, offering greater flexibility on appointment times and re-invitations for those that haven’t responded have been found to positively impact uptake in underserved populations.
Overall, there are clearly gross inequalities across both the risk of developing cancer and the prognosis once it has developed. However, as researchers gain deeper insights into these inequalities and the mechanisms that contribute to them, NHS and public health services can implement best practices in order to try and level the playing field for cancer care. In April, Public Policy Projects will be hosting a round table event looking at regional inequalities in prostate cancer, so look out for the report later this year.
Heart disease single largest factor behind out of work ill health
By Integrated Care Journal
New report finds that people are more likely to leave work due to a heart condition than any other health issue, and warns that faltering efforts at prevention have cost thousands of lives.
Heart disease is the single largest driver of people leaving the workforce due to ill health, according to new research from the Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR).
The new paper, Broken hearted: A spotlight paper on cardio-vascular disease, finds that a heart disease diagnosis brings with it the largest risk of a person leaving the labour market, and that someone diagnosed with cardiovascular disease (CVD) has a 22 per cent chance of leaving their job. This compares to a 14 per cent risk for someone with a mental health condition and 16 per cent for a person with cancer.
Almost one in three of all working-age people who are economically inactive have a heart, blood pressure or circulatory condition, the report says. This figure rises among over 50s, a group the government is currently targeting in its efforts to get people back to work.
The report also reveals significant variation in CVD mortality across England and Wales, with the North West the worst affected region. It estimates that if the entire UK saw the same outcomes as the best tenth of local authorities, there would have been 32,000 fewer deaths in 2021 along – equivalent to 5 per cent of total CVD mortality.
Around 80 per cent of deaths from heart disease are preventable, with diet and nutrition, metabolic risks (e.g. high BMI) and tobacco use constituting the three greatest risk factors.
The report cites analysis from the British Heart Foundation that since February 2020, there have been nearly 100,000 more deaths involving CVD than would otherwise have been expected. It attributes this decline in outcomes to a slowdown in progress on prevention over the last decade. If the last decade had seen even half of the progress on preventable CVD mortality observed between 2005-2020, the report estimates that there would have been nearly 33,000 fewer deaths in 2019- equivalent to one in 20 deaths that year.
While virtually all NHS waiting lists have grown steadily in recent years, exacerbated by the pandemic, cardiology is something of an outlier, and waiting lists have tripled since 2012, higher than the overall growth in NHS waiting lists.
IPPR is calling on the government to implement a recovery plan for treating cardiovascular disease, helping both the NHS and the economy, by:
Delivering new preventative policies, such as extending the current ‘sugar levy’ on soft drinks to all high-fat and high-salt products, and using the revenue to subsidise healthy food options.
Getting waiting lists for cardiology down, through increasing access to preventative medications, retaining staff and expanding access to personalised care.
Investing in research, with an immediate injection of £220 million for R&D in cardiovascular disease prevention – with an explicit goal of crowding in private investment.
Chris Thomas, author of the report and Head of IPPR’s Commission on Health and Prosperity, said: “After great strides in tackling cardiovascular disease in the 20th century, the UK is now stalling if not reversing. This is not just costing lives, but also livelihoods. The good news is that heart disease is one of the most preventable health conditions, but the government has to get on to the front foot and deliver proactive policies. Both human lives and economic prosperity depend on it.”
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